{"id":6358,"date":"2024-10-13T13:10:36","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T11:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/?p=6358"},"modified":"2026-07-07T20:37:56","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T18:37:56","slug":"tinyusb-audio-on-an-rp2040-in-arduino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2024\/10\/13\/tinyusb-audio-on-an-rp2040-in-arduino\/","title":{"rendered":"TinyUSB: Audio on an RP2040 in Arduino"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Please note that the content of this blog was a old proof of concept that is obsolete by now: A complete, platform independent Class 2 USB audio functionality is now provided by the AudioTools as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2026\/06\/22\/usb-audio-class-2-0-for-arduino\/\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">described in this blog<\/a>!\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>When I first had a look at implementing an <strong>Audio USB device for the RP2040<\/strong> with <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/hathach\/tinyusb\">TinyUSB<\/a>, I could make things work, but taking up the task to make this work in Arduino was too big.<\/p>\n<p>Then Adafruit released <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/adafruit\/Adafruit_TinyUSB_Arduino\">their TinyUSB for Arduino<\/a> that was quite nicely integrated into the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/earlephilhower\/arduino-pico\">RP2040 Arduino core of Earle Phil Hower<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>I was hoping that Adafruit would provide some audio implementation with examples.<\/p>\n<p>Since this did not happen, I decided to give it a try: Here I am documenting my experiences.<\/p>\n<h3>Design Goals for my new Adafruit_USBD_Audio class:<\/h3>\n<p>The microcontroller should be able to be an <strong>USB Audio Device<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>provide data access via <strong>callbacks<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>configure audio info via <strong>begin<\/strong> method<\/li>\n<li>implement a <strong>Speaker<\/strong> (audio sink)<\/li>\n<li>implement a <strong>Microphone<\/strong> (audio source)<\/li>\n<li>provide all potential TinyUSB audio calback methods so that we can easily create a <strong>subclass and overwrite<\/strong> them<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I was considering of implementing this as a subclass of Stream, but in the end I decided that this might be better done in my AudioTools project.<\/p>\n<h3>Device descriptors (the Microphone)<\/h3>\n<p>The first challenge was to come up with the device descriptors. I used the ones from the TinyUSB project as starting point. I wanted to have a 2 channels microphone, so I <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/tinyusb\/tree\/master\/examples\/device\/audio_2_channel_mic\">extended the examples<\/a> for this case and tested it with the original build environment with a Rasperry Pico RP2040.<\/p>\n<p>Next I implemented an Audio Device C++ class in <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/Adafruit_TinyUSB_Arduino\">my Adafruit_TinyUSB_Arduino fork<\/a> that generates the descriptor dynamically and implemented the tinyusb callbacks as virtual methods.<\/p>\n<h3>Device descriptors (the Speaker)<\/h3>\n<p>TinyUSB was providing this <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/tinyusb\/tree\/master\/examples\/device\/uac2_speaker_fb\">2 channel speaker example<\/a>, but this was giving compile errors. So I needed to first do some corrections to make it compile. After my corrections, it was working, so I integrated it into my C++ Aduio class as well.<\/p>\n<h3>Testing\/Debugging Tools<\/h3>\n<p>USB development is quite <strong>tricky<\/strong> since it is very difficult to track what&#8217;s happening. Using a debugger simply does not work because of the <strong>strict timing requirements<\/strong> and even adding logging commands turns out to be too slow.<\/p>\n<p>I was using the following debugging\/testing approch (in Linux):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I used <strong>lsusb<\/strong> to compare my new generated device descriptor with the orignal one and first made sure that they are abolutely equal<\/li>\n<li>I used <strong>dmesg<\/strong> to check if the usb generated errors<\/li>\n<li>I added some <strong>digitalWrites<\/strong> in the callback functions and used a <strong>logic analyser<\/strong> to check if and how often some functions were called.<\/li>\n<li>I used the <strong>stacktrace of the debugger<\/strong> to pin down crashes<\/li>\n<li>I did some <strong>extensive code reviews<\/strong> to make sure that the orignal code was matching the ported C++ code.<\/li>\n<li>I used <strong>Audacity<\/strong> to test the recording and output functionality. Fortunately there is a Rescan Audio devices in the Transport menu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Problems with CDC (using the Microphone example)<\/h3>\n<p>Initially I deactivated CDC and the functionality was working great. But as soon as I activated CDC (Serial support) things initially were working, but when testing, just changing the sample rate in Audacity was crashing the microcontroller.<\/p>\n<p>Here the debugger came to my help and so I found that I was not the first with this issue and that there was even <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/hathach\/tinyusb\/pull\/1802#issuecomment-2408904235\">an open pull request<\/a> that addressed the problem. After applying it to my fork, the issue was gone!<\/p>\n<h3>Problems with CDC (using the Speaker example)<\/h3>\n<p>When I was implementing the Speaker it was also working w\/o CDC and activating CDC was immediately crashing. Here <strong>dmesg<\/strong> was giving the hint:<\/p>\n<pre><code>   [29056.169071] usb 1-1.3: config 1 interface 3 altsetting 1 has a duplicate endpoint with address 0x82, skipping\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>I messed up the endpoints in the device descriptor and after correcting this, things started to work as well.<\/p>\n<h3>Current Status<\/h3>\n<p>It seems to work quite nicely now. Here is a simple <strong>Arduino example microphone test sketch<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<pre><code>#include \"Adafruit_TinyUSB.h\"\r\n\r\nAdafruit_USBD_Audio usb;\r\n\r\nsize_t readCB(uint8_t* data, size_t len, Adafruit_USBD_Audio&amp; ref) {\r\n  int16_t* data16 = (int16_t*)data;\r\n  size_t samples = len \/ sizeof(int16_t);\r\n  size_t result = 0;\r\n  \/\/ generate random stereo data\r\n  for (int j = 0; j &lt; samples; j+=2) {\r\n    data16[j] = random(-32000, 32000);\r\n    data16[j+1] = random(-32000, 32000);;\r\n    result += sizeof(int16_t)*2;\r\n  }\r\n  return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(115200);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Start USB device as Microphone\r\n  usb.setReadCallback(readCB);\r\n  usb.begin(44100, 2, 16);\r\n\r\n  if (TinyUSBDevice.mounted()) {\r\n    TinyUSBDevice.detach();\r\n    delay(10);\r\n    TinyUSBDevice.attach();\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n  \/\/ optionally use LED do display status\r\n  usb.updateLED();\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Audacity-300x207.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" height=\"207\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Audacity-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Audacity-768x530.png 768w, https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Audacity.png 947w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Dependencies<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/Adafruit_TinyUSB_Arduino\/tree\/Audio\">https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/Adafruit_TinyUSB_Arduino<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Consult the Wiki to try it out in your environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Please note that the content of this blog was a old proof of concept that is obsolete by now: A complete, platform independent Class 2 USB audio functionality is now provided by the AudioTools as described in this blog!\u00a0 &nbsp; When I first had a look at implementing an Audio [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,22],"tags":[48],"class_list":["post-6358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arduino","category-machine-sound","tag-tinyusb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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