{"id":5561,"date":"2023-04-02T18:06:27","date_gmt":"2023-04-02T16:06:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/?p=5561"},"modified":"2025-09-24T12:51:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T10:51:47","slug":"arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/","title":{"rendered":"Arduino Audio Tools &#8211; RTSP Revisited"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Quite some time ago, I was describing how we can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2022\/05\/02\/arduino-esp32-audio-streaming-with-rtsp\/\">stream audio with the help of RTSP<\/a>. In that example we needed to provide a data stream from which we can read the audio!<\/p>\n<p>This is not very flexible and often we want to specify RTSP as output: e.g. in the AudioPlayer we want to tell to send the audio to a RTSP stream. Therefore I decided to extend the functionality a bit by<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>supporting a <a href=\"https:\/\/pschatzmann.github.io\/arduino-audio-tools\/classaudio__tools_1_1_r_t_s_p_stream.html\">RTSP stream<\/a> as a output destination.<\/li>\n<li>supporting different formats with the help of <strong>encoders<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To get started, I have defined some <a href=\"https:\/\/pschatzmann.github.io\/arduino-audio-tools\/classaudio__tools_1_1_r_t_s_p_format_audio_tools.html\">example formats<\/a>. I suggest that you have a look the implementation that can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/arduino-audio-tools\/blob\/main\/src\/AudioLibs\/RTSPStream.h\">RTSPStream.h<\/a> file.<\/p>\n<h2>Arduino Example Sketch<\/h2>\n<p>Here is the example Arduino sketch: We just copy the audio generated by a sine wave generator to a RTSPStream object. In this example we use a G711 ulaw encoder.<\/p>\n<pre><code>#include \"AudioTools.h\"\n#include \"AudioLibs\/RTSPStream.h\"\n#include \"AudioCodecs\/CodecG7xx.h\"\n#include \"RTSPServer.h\"\n\nint port = 554;\nAudioInfo info(8000, 1, 16); \nconst char* wifi = \"ssid\";\nconst char* password = \"password\";\n\n\/\/ Sine tone generator\nSineFromTable&lt;int16_t&gt; sineWave(32000);         \/\/ subclass of SoundGenerator with max amplitude of 32000\nGeneratedSoundStream&lt;int16_t&gt; sound(sineWave);  \/\/ Stream generated from sine wave\n\/\/ rtsp\nRTSPFormatG711 format;\nG711_ULAWEncoder encoder;\nRTSPStream rtsp_stream(format, encoder);\nStreamCopy copier(rtsp_stream, sound);  \/\/ rtsp to sine\n\/\/ Server\nRTSPServer rtsp(rtsp_stream.streamer(), port);\n\n\nvoid setup() {\n  Serial.begin(115200);\n  AudioLogger::instance().begin(Serial, AudioLogger::Warning);\n\n  \/\/ Start Wifi &amp; rtsp server\n  rtsp.begin(wifi, password);\n\n  \/\/ Setup sine wave\n  sineWave.begin(info, N_B4);\n\n  \/\/ Start Output Stream\n  rtsp_stream.begin(info);\n\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n  if (rtsp_stream) {\n      copier.copy();\n  }\n}\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The audio can be played with the help of <a href=\"https:\/\/ffmpeg.org\/\">FFmpeg<\/a> e.g. by executing the following command on the desktop:<\/p>\n<pre><code>ffplay -v debug rtsp:\/\/192.168.1.34:554\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Just replace the ip address with the one for your ESP32!<\/p>\n<h2>Example Code<\/h2>\n<p>The sketch above has been tested at the time of writing. But please note that the API might change, so I suggest to use the (potentially) updated version in the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/arduino-audio-tools\/blob\/main\/examples\/examples-communication\/rtsp\/communication-codec-rtsp\/communication-codec-rtsp.ino\">examples directory<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Dependencies<\/h2>\n<p>Do not forget to install the relevant libraries for this example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/arduino-audio-tools\">Audio Tools Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/Micro-RTSP-Audio\">Micro-RTSP-Audio Library<\/a> <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pschatzmann\/arduino-libg7xx\">libg7xx<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quite some time ago, I was describing how we can stream audio with the help of RTSP. In that example we needed to provide a data stream from which we can read the audio! This is not very flexible and often we want to specify RTSP as output: e.g. in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4712,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,22],"tags":[46,61],"class_list":["post-5561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arduino","category-machine-sound","tag-communications","tag-rtsp"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Quite some time ago, I was describing how we can stream audio with the help of RTSP. In that example we needed to provide a data stream from which we can read the audio! This is not very flexible and often we want to specify RTSP as output: e.g. in [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Phil Schatzmann\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"260\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"194\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"pschatzmann\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"pschatzmann\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"pschatzmann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1\"},\"headline\":\"Arduino Audio Tools &#8211; RTSP Revisited\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":241,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/05\\\/images.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Communications\",\"RTSP\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Arduino\",\"Machine Sound\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/\",\"name\":\"Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/05\\\/images.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/05\\\/images.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/05\\\/images.png\",\"width\":260,\"height\":194},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/02\\\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Arduino Audio Tools &#8211; RTSP Revisited\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/\",\"name\":\"Phil Schatzmann Consulting\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/home\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1\",\"name\":\"pschatzmann\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/pschatzmann.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/pschatzmann.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/pschatzmann.png\",\"width\":305,\"height\":305,\"caption\":\"pschatzmann\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pschatzmann.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/pschatzmann.png\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann","og_description":"Quite some time ago, I was describing how we can stream audio with the help of RTSP. In that example we needed to provide a data stream from which we can read the audio! This is not very flexible and often we want to specify RTSP as output: e.g. in [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/","og_site_name":"Phil Schatzmann","article_published_time":"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00","og_image":[{"width":260,"height":194,"url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"pschatzmann","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"pschatzmann","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/"},"author":{"name":"pschatzmann","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#\/schema\/person\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1"},"headline":"Arduino Audio Tools &#8211; RTSP Revisited","datePublished":"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/"},"wordCount":241,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#\/schema\/person\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png","keywords":["Communications","RTSP"],"articleSection":["Arduino","Machine Sound"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/","url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/","name":"Arduino Audio Tools - RTSP Revisited - Phil Schatzmann","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png","datePublished":"2023-04-02T16:06:27+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-24T10:51:47+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/images.png","width":260,"height":194},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2023\/04\/02\/arduino-audio-tools-rtsp-revisited\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Arduino Audio Tools &#8211; RTSP Revisited"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/","name":"Phil Schatzmann Consulting","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#\/schema\/person\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/#\/schema\/person\/73a53638a4e34e8373405fd737dac9b1","name":"pschatzmann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/pschatzmann.png","url":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/pschatzmann.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/pschatzmann.png","width":305,"height":305,"caption":"pschatzmann"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/pschatzmann.png"}}]}},"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5561"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6264,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5561\/revisions\/6264"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}