{"id":3150,"date":"2021-05-19T08:17:45","date_gmt":"2021-05-19T06:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/?p=3150"},"modified":"2021-12-14T15:14:54","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T14:14:54","slug":"back-to-basics-audio-output-on-the-raspberry-pico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2021\/05\/19\/back-to-basics-audio-output-on-the-raspberry-pico\/","title":{"rendered":"Back to Basics &#8211; Audio Output on the Raspberry Pico using PWM"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In one of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2021\/01\/31\/implementing-arduino-tone-for-the-rasperry-pico\/\">my past Blogs<\/a> I have described how to implement a simple tone generator using a <a href=\"https:\/\/raspberrypi.github.io\/pico-sdk-doxygen\/group__repeating__timer.html\">Repeating Timer<\/a> for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/products\/raspberry-pi-pico\/\">Raspberry Pico<\/a> with the C++ SDK.<\/p>\n<p>This time I want to describe an approach which is a little bit more versatile: The Pico provides no built-in DAC and thus we have <strong>no real analog output<\/strong>, but we can generate <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulse-width_modulation\">PWM signals<\/a> on all pins &#8211; so if we use a basic PWM frequency which is well above the hearing range (which is 20 &#8211; 20&#8217;000 hz) we can get a very similar result. The Pico SDK has a <a href=\"https:\/\/raspberrypi.github.io\/pico-sdk-doxygen\/group__hardware__pwm.html\">powerful API<\/a> which allows us to achieve this easily.<\/p>\n<p>Then we just need to make sure that we output the sound samples an a exact predefined <strong>sampling rate<\/strong>. Here as well we can use the <a href=\"https:\/\/raspberrypi.github.io\/pico-sdk-doxygen\/group__repeating__timer.html\">Repeating Timer<\/a> functionality of the SDK &#8211; we just need to make sure that we can provide the data quick enough so that the timer callback can finish before the next call!<\/p>\n<p>In the example below I take a SineWaveGenerator as input &#8211; put we could use any other source which provides raw audio signals (e.g. wav file, raw file&#8230;).<\/p>\n<pre><code>#include \"SineWaveGenerator.h\"\n#include \"hardware\/gpio.h\"\n#include \"hardware\/adc.h\"\n#include \"hardware\/pwm.h\"\n#include \"pico\/time.h\"\n\nconst int gpio = 2; \/\/ output pin\nconst int amplitude = 256; \/\/ amplitude of square wave (pwm values -amplitude to amplitude)\nconst int sampleRate = 10000; \/\/ sample rate in Hz\nconst int pwm_freq = 60000; \/\/ audable range is from 20 to 20,000Hz \nrepeating_timer_t timer;\nSineWaveGenerator&lt;int16_t&gt; sineWave(amplitude);   \nconst int tones[] = {523,587,659};\nint idx = 0;\nuint slice;\nuint channel;\n\n\/\/ writes a an individual value\nvoid writeTone(int16_t value){\n  \/\/ shift up so min value must be 0\n  uint16_t output = value + amplitude\n  \/\/ output signal\n  pwm_set_chan_level(slice, channel, output);\n}\n\n\/\/ timed output executed at the sampleRate\nbool defaultAudioOutputCallback(repeating_timer* ptr) {\n  uint16_t sample = sineWave.readSample() ;\n  writeTone(sample);\n  return true;\n}\n\n\/\/ setup pwm pin and timer\nvoid begin(int gpio){\n  \/\/ setup pwm pin  \n  gpio_set_function(gpio, GPIO_FUNC_PWM);\n\n  slice = pwm_gpio_to_slice_num(gpio);\n  channel = pwm_gpio_to_channel(gpio);\n\n  \/\/ setup pwm frequency\n  pwm_config cfg = pwm_get_default_config();\n  float pwmClockDivider = static_cast&lt;float&gt;(clock_get_hz(clk_sys)) \/ (pwm_freq * amplitude * 2);\n  Serial.printf(\"clock speed is %f\\n\", static_cast&lt;float&gt;(clock_get_hz(clk_sys)));\n  Serial.printf(\"divider is %f\\n\", pwmClockDivider);\n  pwm_config_set_clkdiv(&amp;cfg, pwmClockDivider);\n  pwm_config_set_clkdiv_mode(&amp;cfg, PWM_DIV_FREE_RUNNING);\n  pwm_config_set_phase_correct(&amp;cfg, true);\n  pwm_config_set_wrap (&amp;cfg, amplitude);\n  pwm_init(slice, &amp;cfg, true);\n\n  \/\/ set initial output value \n  pwm_set_chan_level(slice, channel, 0); \n\n  \/\/ setup timer\n  uint64_t time = 1000000UL \/ sampleRate;\n  Serial.printf(\"Timer value %ld\\n\", time);\n\n  if (!add_repeating_timer_us(-time, defaultAudioOutputCallback, nullptr, &amp;timer)){\n    Serial.println(\"Error: alarm_pool_add_repeating_timer_us failed; no alarm slots available\");\n  }\n}   \n\n\/\/ Ends the output\nvoid end(const int16_t gpio){\n  cancel_repeating_timer(&amp;timer);\n  if  (gpio &gt;- 1)  {\n    uint slice = pwm_gpio_to_slice_num(gpio);\n    pwm_set_enabled(slice, false);\n  } \n}\n\n\/\/ we start the sound processing\nvoid setup() {\n  Serial.begin(119200);\n  begin(gpio);\n  sineWave.begin(sampleRate, 659);\n}\n\n\/\/ we just change the frequency every second\nvoid loop() {\n   delay(1000);\n   Serial.printf(\"Playing frequency %d\\n\", tones[idx]);\n   sineWave.setFrequency(tones[idx]);\n   if (++idx&gt;=3){\n    idx = 0;\n   }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In one of my past Blogs I have described how to implement a simple tone generator using a Repeating Timer for the Raspberry Pico with the C++ SDK. This time I want to describe an approach which is a little bit more versatile: The Pico provides no built-in DAC and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2884,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,24],"tags":[30],"class_list":["post-3150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-machine-sound","category-pico","tag-back-to-basics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Back to Basics - Audio Output on the Raspberry Pico using PWM - Phil Schatzmann<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pschatzmann.ch\/home\/2021\/05\/19\/back-to-basics-audio-output-on-the-raspberry-pico\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Back to Basics - Audio Output on the Raspberry Pico using PWM - Phil Schatzmann\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In one of my past Blogs I have described how to implement a simple tone generator using a Repeating Timer for the Raspberry Pico with the C++ SDK. 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